My first AVR-based project

I have always been fascinated by electronics. As a child, I tore apart several rather expensive appliances to see how they worked. Much to my parents' grief, of course.

However, since I got into software development, I haven't given it much thought. Moving several levels of abstraction away from the hardware, your focus shifts quickly to completely different areas.

But recently, this project caught my attention for some reason. So even though I ended up implementing it completely differently, I couldn't stop thinking about the potential of being able to write code for tiny, cheap embedded processors.

I'm not sure why I have never thought of this before. I have considered writing software for PDAs, but they're pretty expensive, and the platform choices are poor. Windows Mobile is a joke, and Palm OS is not very appealing either.

So I decided to take a big step closer to the iron. Knowing nothing about the state of this field, I simply googled for a few starting points. I ended up buying the very cool USBtinyISP programmer kit (and absolutely enjoyed the process of assembling it).



Also, I got the ATtiny26 development board from Active Robots.



This last item, I have later discovered, is probably somewhat outdated. What you want for electronics prototyping these days is the Arduino.



Anyway, the great thing about the ATtiny is that it's cheap (the processor itself is about $4) and it doesn't consume a lot of power.

OK, so what did I do for my debut project? Nothing very interesting, I'm afraid. I wrota a program that simply morses a sentence using the LED built into the development board. I used the GNU toolchain (avr-libc et al) for writing the program and avrdude for flashing it onto the processor. Works great on both Linux and OSX.

In action, this is what it looks like:



And yes, I realize that the quality of the video is too crappy to distinguish the pulses.

Here is the complete source code for this project (sorry about the formatting):




#include <avr/io.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
#include <avr/pgmspace.h>

/*
* The morse alphabet.
*
* 0: Short pulse
* 1: Long pulse
*/
const char ltr_a[] PROGMEM = "01";
const char ltr_b[] PROGMEM = "1000";
const char ltr_c[] PROGMEM = "1010";
const char ltr_d[] PROGMEM = "100";
const char ltr_e[] PROGMEM = "0";
const char ltr_f[] PROGMEM = "0010";
const char ltr_g[] PROGMEM = "110";
const char ltr_h[] PROGMEM = "0000";
const char ltr_i[] PROGMEM = "00";
const char ltr_j[] PROGMEM = "0111";
const char ltr_k[] PROGMEM = "101";
const char ltr_l[] PROGMEM = "0100";
const char ltr_m[] PROGMEM = "11";
const char ltr_n[] PROGMEM = "10";
const char ltr_o[] PROGMEM = "111";
const char ltr_p[] PROGMEM = "0110";
const char ltr_q[] PROGMEM = "1101";
const char ltr_r[] PROGMEM = "010";
const char ltr_s[] PROGMEM = "000";
const char ltr_t[] PROGMEM = "1";
const char ltr_u[] PROGMEM = "001";
const char ltr_v[] PROGMEM = "0001";
const char ltr_w[] PROGMEM = "011";
const char ltr_x[] PROGMEM = "1001";
const char ltr_y[] PROGMEM = "1011";
const char ltr_z[] PROGMEM = "1100";

PGM_P alphabet[26] PROGMEM = {
ltr_a,ltr_b,ltr_c,ltr_d,ltr_e,ltr_f,ltr_g,ltr_h,ltr_i,ltr_j,ltr_k,
ltr_l,ltr_m,ltr_n,ltr_o,ltr_p,ltr_q,ltr_r,ltr_s,ltr_t,ltr_u,ltr_v,
ltr_w,ltr_x,ltr_y,ltr_z
};

void sleep_msecs(int msecs)
{
/*
* The argument to _delay_ms must be constant (ie. known at compile-time).
*/
int i;
for(i = 0; i < msecs; i++){
_delay_ms(1);
}
}

void set_led_state(int state)
{
PORTB = (state == 1) ? _BV(6) : _BV(0);
}

/*
* Emit single pulse
*
* Length choices are:
* 0: short
* 1: long
*/
void emit_pulse(int length)
{
set_led_state(1);
sleep_msecs((length == 1) ? 210 : 60);
set_led_state(0);
sleep_msecs(100);
}

/*
* Emit a sequence of pulses, eg. "1000" for the letter "b".
*/
void emit_pulses(char *pulse_str)
{
int pulse_str_len = strlen(pulse_str);
int i2;
for (i2 = 0; i2 < pulse_str_len; i2++) {
emit_pulse(pulse_str[i2] == '1');
}
}

void emit_letter(char l)
{
if (l == ' ') {
sleep_msecs(700);
return;
}

char *buf = malloc(8 * sizeof(char));

int index = l - 'a';
PGM_P p;
memcpy_P(&p, &alphabet[index], sizeof(PGM_P));
strcpy_P(buf, p);
emit_pulses(buf);
free(buf);
}

void morse_msg(const char *msg)
{
int len = strlen(msg);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
emit_letter(msg[i]);
sleep_msecs(350);
}
}

void do_morse(const char *msg)
{
for(;;){
morse_msg(msg);
sleep_msecs(2500);
}
}

int main(void)
{
/* Init IO */
DDRB = _BV(6); /* make the LED pin an output */

do_morse("er der mon mere kaffe");

/* Not reached */
return 0;
}



In case you're wondering, the morsed message, "er der mon mere kaffe", is danish for "I wonder if there's any more coffee". Indeed, the first thing that sprang to mind when I finally got the software working.

Nostalgia

Thomas Winding, you will be missed


Not so long ago, Danish author Thomas Winding died, 71 years old.

Thomas was famous for writing a lot of books for children, but even more for reading his stories aloud on the radio. He had a deep, calm voice that was known and loved by all Danish children when I was a child.

The death of Thomas Winding seems to have led to a feeling of "mass nostalgia" in my generation. A Facebook group has been created, and the media has written a lot about how everyone will sorely miss the "soundtrack of their childhood".

This made me think. I'm 33 years old now, and I don't think I have heard the voice of Thomas Winding for almost a decade.

Still, his death is kind of a painful event for me. Of course, I will not miss him as such, but he was a very happy memory of my childhood. So losing him is yet another reminder that I am no longer, and will never again be, a happy and carefree child.

It seems bizarre to feel so sad about the death of a person I didn't even know, and haven't thought about for years. But luckily, I'm not alone, and there is a word for this feeling: Nostalgia.

Feeling nostalgic


According to Wikipedia, the word Nostalgia is of greek origin and refers to "the pain a sick person feels because he wishes to return to his native land".

I think this is a beautiful way to describe a feeling that everybody knows, but which is hard to define. The description is absolute nonsense, I know, but so is the feeling itself.

In fact, I find it highly irrational, especially from an evolutionary standpoint. I mean, what is the purpose of an individual wanting to "return to his home land"? On the surface, it seems regressive and foolish.

However, it is hard to believe that any counterproductive sentiment would have been allowed to survive for countless generations to still be present in the human beings of today. There must be some rational purpose to this feeling, but it eludes me.

If anyone out there knows, please drop me a line.

My father


So, having questioned the rationality of feeling nostalic, I want to convince everyone that I am not a robot.

Three years ago, my siblings and I lost our father. He died of cancer, only 55 years old. Needless to say, this was a terrible time for our family. After three years, it is still hard.

But life moves on, and this is how it should be.

However, life paused for a brief moment when I found this picture on my harddisk.



My father was a man of habit. Every day, he would take his dog for a long walk in the forest. Same route every day. Same sticks that had to be thrown into the water at the same spots on the route along the lake, year after year. He once calculated that he had walked more than a thousand miles on this trail, which is only a few miles long.

Our dog, Luna, was a very loving animal, and she absolutely adored my father. She was half Collie, so the herding instinct was very visible in her behavior. I think this is part of the reason that we loved her so much. She always wanted to keep the family together.

The above picture was taken by me. Luna is clearly worried that I have become separated from the leader of the flock, so she looks ahead to assess the risk.

For me, looking at this 5 year old picture simply defines nostalgia. It forces me to forget the present and focus on the past for a while. Never again will I join my father and Luna for that walk, and my home town seems so far away now.